[0001 [0102 [0000 Ec[000000]LBf[16]Abstract ExpressionismB American art movement (1940s-1950s) stressing spontaneous, nonrepresentational creation Ec[000000]f[16]LBAcademyB originally, the garden where Plato taught; beginning in the 16th century, art academies were established to provide practical and theoretical training for artists Ec[000000]f[16]LBAdler and SullivanB the famous Chicago architects who designed the Auditorium and many other steel-framed buildings in the 1880s and 1890s Ec[000000]f[16]LBAlexandre Gustave EiffelB a French engineer who made his reputation as a builder of bridges, but is best remembered as the builder of the Eiffel Tower in Paris in 1889 Ec[000000]f[16]LBAlfred SisleyB an Impressionist who placed individual flecks of pure color next to each other in his paintings Ec[000000]f[16]LBAntonio GaudiB a late nineteenth-century Spanish architect and sculptor credited with creating the artistic forms that became the basis of Art Nouveau Ec[000000]f[16]LBArt DecoB highly decorative art forms (1920s-1930s) that utilized streamlined geometric forms inspired by industrial design Ec[000000]f[16]LBArt Deco architectureB nonfunctional geometric design (1920-1940) influenced by Egyptian art Ec[000000]f[16]LBArt NouveauB an art style (1895-1905) characterized by motifs of highly stylized flowing plants, curving lines and fluent forms Ec[000000]f[16]LBArt Nouveau architectureB an architectural style (1880-1920) exemplified by long flowing lines and asymmetrical design Ec[000000]f[16]LBAuditoriumB one of the buildings constructed in Chicago in the 1880s using steel girders Ec[000000]f[16]LBBaroqueB an art style originating in Italy (1580-1720) that featured grand theatrical effects and elaborate ornamentation Ec[000000]f[16]LBBaroque architectureB an ornate architectural style (1600-1770), often described as Rococo, with elaborate carvings and decorations using gilt, plaster, and paint in flowing curves and designs Ec[000000]f[16]LBBeaux ArtB an architectural style (1890-1920) that used formal and classical techniques inspired by the great European academies Ec[000000]f[16]LBBibliotheque nationaleB the national library of France; located in Paris, it is one of several innovative buildings designed by the French architect Labrouste; built from 1854 to1875, it displays a neoclassical exterior Ec[000000]f[16]LBBrighton PavilionB an early nineteenth-century building whose classical exterior concealed a functional interior Ec[000000]f[16]LBByzantine architectureB an architectural style (330-1250) characterized by the use of domes and plaster added to exterior surfaces Ec[000000]f[16]LBCasa MilaB a building in Barcelona, designed by the Spanish architect Antonio Gaudi, that exemplifies the Art Nouveau style of architecture Ec[000000]f[16]LBCharles DarwinB a nineteenth-century British naturalist whose scientific investigations led him to formulate the theory of evolution Ec[000000]f[16]LBCharles DickensB a nineteenth-century novelist who was considered one of the greatest writers of his time; his work described contemporary life in England Ec[000000]f[16]LBClassicismB the artistic style and spirit of Ancient Greece and Rome Ec[000000]f[16]LBClaude DebussyB a nineteenth-century French composer whose music suggested fleeting moods and emotions Ec[000000]f[16]LBClaude MonetB the prolific nineteenth-century painter who was the leading member of the Impressionists Ec[000000]f[16]LBCrystal PalaceB an iron and glass building of innovative design constructed in England in 1851 to house the first World's Fair Ec[000000]f[16]LBCubismB a modern artistic movement (1907-1915) led by Picasso and Braque that depicted, in a departure from representational art, geometric forms in nature Ec[000000]f[16]LBDadaB international anti-art movement that produced absurd and nonsensical works reflecting the cynicism of the post-World War I era Ec[000000]f[16]LBdaguerreotypeB an early photograph made using Daguerre's process Ec[000000]f[16]LBDewey decimal systemB a widely used system of classification, developed at Amherst Collage in 1873, that catalogs all knowledge under ten divisions Ec[000000]f[16]LBEdouard ManetB an innovative and creative nineteenth-century painter who was noted for his brilliant technique; he painted with great immediacy directly from his models Ec[000000]f[16]LBEdvard MunchB a late nineteenth-century Norwegian painter whose artistic style reflected the sinuous curves of Art Nouveau Ec[000000]f[16]LBEiffel TowerB the tower constructed by Alexandre Gustave Eiffel to commemorate the Paris exposition of 1889 Ec[000000]f[16]LBElevatedB an urban, public railway system operating on tracks erected over the streets; iron or steel girders support the tracks Ec[000000]f[16]LBEugene BoudinB a nineteenth-century French painter who tried to record his impression of a subject as rapidly as possible Ec[000000]f[16]LBExpressionismB a twentieth-century artistic movement in which the subjective feelings of the artist took precedence over the rational and objective depiction of the subject matter Ec[000000]f[16]LBFauvismB an artistic movement in the early twentieth century characterized by strident color, distortions, and bold brushwork Ec[000000]f[16]LBfin-de-siecleB a French phrase, meaning "end of an age," used to define the last years of the nineteenth century Ec[000000]f[16]LBFlat Iron buildingB an early steel-framed skyscraper-- now an historic building-- built in New York City in the 1880s Ec[000000]f[16]LBFolies BergereB a Parisian music hall that produced advertising posters in the Art Nouveau style in the late nineteenth century Ec[000000]f[16]LBFormalistB the school of Post-Impressionist painters, represented by Seurat and Cezanne, who artistically were concerned with structure Ec[000000]f[16]LBFrancisco de GoyaB a Spaniard who became court painter of King Charles III in 1789; Goya's concern for humanity grew increasingly; his works of art disclosed his sense of despair and provided biting social commentaries; his work significantly influenced many nineteenth century artists Ec[000000]f[16]LBFunctionalismB an architectural philosophy of design (late nineteenth century) that emphasized the practicality and utility of a building; the functionalism of the engineer began to replace the historical styles copied by the architect Ec[000000]f[16]LBFuturismB an Italian artistic movement (1910) that stressed motion and sought to glorify the age of the machine through the painting and sculpting of multiple moving parts Ec[000000]f[16]LBGage BuildingB one of the early steel-framed skyscrapers built in Chicago Ec[000000]f[16]LBGeorges BraqueB a twentieth-century painter who, with Picasso, developed a new approach to painting that became Cubism Ec[000000]f[16]LBGeorges SeuratB one of the great Post-Impressionist artists who developed the painting technique called pointillism, in which the color of light is broken down into dots Ec[000000]f[16]LBGothicB architectural style (1140-1560) featuring high naves with flying buttresses (bridges of stone) and large windows sectioned by stonework into many small panes Ec[000000]f[16]LBGreat Exhibition of the Works of IndustryB the name given to the first World's Fair, held in London in 1851 in the innovative Crystal Palace designed by Joseph Paxton Ec[000000]f[16]LBGreek architectureB An architectural style characterized by marble construction and Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian columns. 750-720 B.C. Ec[000000]f[16]LBGuaranty buildingB a steel-framed skyscraper built in in Buffalo, New York in 1895 by architect Louis Sullivan Ec[000000]f[16]LBGuell ParkB a park outside of Barcelona, Spain; the park benches and street lights are examples of Antonio Gaudi's Art Nouveau style Ec[000000]f[16]LBGustave CourbetB a nineteenth-century French painter recognized for his use of chiaroscuro and his vivid, unconventional, and dramatically exciting artistic style Ec[000000]f[16]LBIHarper'sBI an American magazine that, during the late nineteenth century, used illustrations and covers reflecting the Art Nouveau style Ec[000000]f[16]LBHenri LabrousteB a nineteenth-century French architect who designed the Biblioteque Nationale (National Library) with a traditional neoclassic exterior and a functional interior Ec[000000]f[16]LBHenri MatisseB the principal artist of Fauvism, noted for his still lifes; he was strongly influenced by Impressionism Ec[000000]f[16]LBHenry JamesB a nineteenth-century American novelist; some of his writings are described as psychological realism Ec[000000]f[16]LBIgor StravinskyB a twentieth-century Russian composer whose music interweaves various rhythms within different sections of the orchestra Ec[000000]f[16]LBImpressionismB late-nineteenth-century French school of painting that emphasized the artist's visual impression of light and color in nature at a given moment Ec[000000]f[16]LBIndustrial Age architectureB an architectural period (1800-1915) marked by the utilitarian construction of factories, apartment houses, stores, and railroad stations using durable materials such as steel, iron, cement, and wrought iron Ec[000000]f[16]LBIndustrial RevolutionB a historical period (1750-1850) that saw industry become the predominant force in economic and social life Ec[000000]f[16]LBiron girdersB construction material of the nineteenth century; iron girders evolved from technologies developed during the Industrial Revolution; iron girders enabled engineers to build such structures as the Eiffel Tower Ec[000000]f[16]LBJames EnsorB a Belgian painter of the late nineteenth century whose themes, like those of Edvard Munch, expressed a deep-seated fear of the present and future Ec[000000]f[16]LBJean-Auguste-Dominique IngresB a nineteenth-century French painter noted primarily for his portraits Ec[000000]f[16]LBJean-Baptiste-Simeon ChardinB the finest eighteenth-century French painter of still life; his works are noted for their solid color and depth of tone Ec[000000]f[16]LBJoseph PaxtonB an English architect who designed the Crystal Palace Ec[000000]f[16]LBKaren HorneyB a German psychiatrist who came to the United States in 1932 and was associate director of the Chicago Institute of Psychoanalysis Ec[000000]f[16]LBKarl MarxB nineteenth-century German economist and philosopher; regarded as the founder and premier theorist of modern socialism and international communism Ec[000000]f[16]LBlithographsB multiple prints produced from a smooth-surfaced stone on which the design is drawn using a special ink or crayon Ec[000000]f[16]LBLouis Jaques DaguerreB the inventor of the daguerreotype (1839), a type of photograph Ec[000000]f[16]LBLouis SullivanB an American architect who pioneered modern skyscraper construction; he also developed the use of ornamental forms in architecture, as exemplified in the feather ornamentation of the Auditorium building in Chicago Ec[000000]f[16]LBmaterial progressB exemplified by vastly improved construction techniques for buildings and bridges in the late nineteenth century; material progress was made possible by advances in engineering and technology Ec[000000]f[16]LBmodern architectureB an era (1920-present) in which new technologies continue to create new design needs; low, steel-constructed buildings with glass walls covering large areas were in vogue at the beginning of this era Ec[000000]f[16]LBnationalismB a political or social movement in which an individual's primary loyalty is given to the state; nationalism played a major role in late eighteenth and nineteenth-century Europe Ec[000000]f[16]LBneoclassicismB an artistic movement (1790-1830) that rejected Rococo in favor of a return to classical styles and motifs Ec[000000]f[16]LBNicolas PoussinB the greatest of the French seventeenth century classical painters; he made many experiments with color and form in his early years as an artist Ec[000000]f[16]LBOliver TwistB an English novel written by Charles Dickens (1838) that deals realistically with the criminal class and attacks the social injustices of that time Ec[000000]f[16]LBOp ArtB a nonobjective art based on optical illusions; these optical illusions are created by geometric forms whose colors the eye must blend from a distance Ec[000000]f[16]LBPablo PicassoB a twentieth century painter who, along with Braque, developed what is called analytical Cubism Ec[000000]f[16]LBPaul CezanneB one of the greatest of the Post-Impressionist painters; he is sometimes referred to as a Formalist because of his concern with structure Ec[000000]f[16]LBPaul GauguinB one of the most famous Post-Impressionist painters who, along with Van Gogh, was known as an Expressionist because he tried to capture his feelings on canvas Ec[000000]f[16]LBPaul SignacB a French Neoimpressionist painter who used individual flecks of color Ec[000000]f[16]LBPierre Auguste RenoirB a prolific nineteenth century French Impressionist painter noted for his elegant and graceful style Ec[000000]f[16]LBpointillismB a painting technique developed by Seurat in which the color of light is broken down Ec[000000]f[16]LBPop ArtB a primarily American art movement (1960s) derived both from popular culture and commercial art; representational works, such as soup cans and comics, were culled from everyday life Ec[000000]f[16]LBpsychoanalysisB a psychological method developed by Sigmund Freud that seeks in the unconscious mind the basis for human behavior and motivation Ec[000000]f[16]LBradioB a method of sending wireless messages through space developed in 1895 by Guglielmo Marconi Ec[000000]f[16]LBRaphaelB the youngest of the three great artists of the High Renaissance (including Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo) in the early sixteenth century Ec[000000]f[16]LBRealismB an artistic movement in the mid-nineteenth century that regarded the commonplace as suitable subject matter Ec[000000]f[16]LBRembrandt van RijnB a seventeenth century Dutch painter whose early work shows his great interest in light; he later became a portrait painter in Amsterdam Ec[000000]f[16]LBRenaissance architectureB the revival and adaptation (1420-1650) of ancient Greek and Roman architecture; architectural designs included domes and rectangular columns that frequently were embedded in walls Ec[000000]f[16]LBRococoB a European decorative art style (1730-1780) that displayed a love of elegance and gaiety; this style is exemplified by the asymmetrical ornamentation of paneling, porcelain, and jewelry Ec[000000]f[16]LBRoman architectureB an architectural style (100 B.C.-370 A.D.) utilized in the Roman Empire; the Romans constructed buildings with arches Ec[000000]f[16]LBRomanesque Ban architectural style (850-1250) featuring stone vaults and arches, thick walls, and massive pillars Ec[000000]f[16]LBRomanticismB a nineteenth century artistic movement that emphasized the importance of fantasy and imagination Ec[000000]f[16]LBSalon-des-RefusesB an exhibition formed in the 1860s by Edouard Manet and his fellow artists to show paintings rejected by the official academy of art Ec[000000]f[16]LBSigmund FreudB Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis; he pioneered the use of free association in the treatment of psychological problems Ec[000000]f[16]LBSir Joshua ReynoldsB historically the most important figure in British painting, he was one of the greatest portrait painters of the second half of the eighteenth century; his subjects included many notable men and women Ec[000000]f[16]LBskyscraperB the name given to multi-storied steel-framed buildings erected in the 1880s and 1890s; first developed in Chicago, this technology was made feasible by the development of iron and steel girders and beams Ec[000000]f[16]LBsteelB a stronger alloy of iron; after the production of steel was perfected in the 1870s, it became the primary building material for skyscrapers, bridges, machinery, and ships Ec[000000]f[16]LBSurrealismB an artistic movement that sought to reveal the psychological reality behind appearances Ec[000000]f[16]LBThomas EakinsB a nineteenth-century American painter, primarily of portraits, who was influenced by Manet Ec[000000]f[16]LBVictoria StationB a London railroad station exemplifying the architecture of the Industrial Age Ec[000000]f[16]LBVincent Van GoghB one of the most important painters of Post-Impressionism; he sometimes is referred to as an Expressionist because he sought to capture in his paintings the subjective reality of his emotions Ec[000000]f[16]LBWinslow HomerB along with Thomas Eakins, one of the most influential American painters of the late nineteenth century; his Impressionist-like style revolutionized American art in the 1880s and 1890s